ABSTRACT
To describe the prevalence of dental fluorosis, to investigate its association with individual and contextual variables among 12-year-old schoolchildren, and to determine whether there were changes in the prevalence of this condition from 2003 to 2010. This cross-sectional study used data from an oral health survey carried out in Goiânia, Goiás, in 2010 (n = 2,075), and secondary data from the files of the local health authority. Clinical data were collected through oral examinations in public and private schools. The dependent variable was the presence of dental fluorosis, assessed using the Dean Index. The independent individual variables were sociodemographic characteristics (the child's gender and race, and the mother's level of schooling) and those related to clinical conditions (caries experience, evaluated using Decayed, Missing, and Filled teeth index; and presence of periodontal calculus and/or bleeding, evaluated using Community Periodontal Index). The contextual variables were linked to the school (type and existence of toothbrushing program) and its geographic location in the city's health districts. The Rao-Scott test was performed, and the percentage difference between the prevalences in the period from 2003 to 2010 was calculated. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in 2010 was 18.7%, being distributed as very mild (11.2%), mild (4.4%), moderate (2.6%), and severe (0.5%). No significant association was found between prevalence of dental fluorosis and the investigated variables. The prevalence of fluorosis increased 230% from 2003 to 2010, and such difference was significant. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was low, predominantly of the very mild degree, has increased over a 7-year period, and was not associated with the individual or contextual factors studied.
Descrever a prevalência de fluorose dentária e investigar sua associação com fatores individuais e contextuais entre escolares de 12 anos, além de verificar se houve mudanças na prevalência dessa condição no período de 2003 a 2010. Estudo observacional com análise transversal utilizando dados do levantamento de saúde bucal realizado em Goiânia, Goiás, em 2010 (n = 2.075) e dados secundários obtidos da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Os dados foram coletados através de exames bucais em escolas públicas e privadas. A variável dependente foi a presença de fluorose dentária, avaliada pelo índice de Dean. As variáveis independentes individuais foram sociodemográficas (sexo e raça do escolar e grau de escolaridade da mãe) e clínicas (experiência de cárie: índice de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados; e presença de cálculo e/ou sangramento gengival: índice periodontal comunitário). As variáveis contextuais foram relacionadas à escola (tipo e existência de programa de escovação dentária) e sua localização geográfica nos distritos sanitários do município. Foram realizados o teste de Rao-Scott e o cálculo da diferença percentual das prevalências no período de 2003 a 2010. A prevalência de fluorose dentária em 2010 foi de 18,7%, distribuída nos graus: muito leve (11,2%), leve (4,4%), moderada (2,6%) e grave (0,5%). Não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre prevalência de fluorose dentária e as variáveis investigadas. No período de 2003 a 2010, a prevalência de fluorose dentária aumentou 230% e essa diferença foi significativa. A prevalência de fluorose dentária foi baixa, com predomínio do grau muito leve, aumentou num período de sete anos e não esteve associada aos fatores individuais e contextuais investigados.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Fluorosis, Dental/epidemiology , Socioeconomic Factors , Toothbrushing , Brazil , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to describe malocclusion prevalence and its association with individual and contextual factors among Brazilian 12-year-old schoolchildren. This cross-sectional study included data from an oral health survey carried out in Goiânia, Brazil (n = 2,075), and data from the files of the local health authority. The data were collected through oral clinical examinations. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used to assess occlusion. The presence of malocclusion (DAI > 25) was used as the dependent variable. The individual independent variables consisted of adolescents’ sex and race and their mothers’ level of schooling. The clinical variables were caries experience and presence of adverse periodontal condition (calculus and/or gingival bleeding). The contextual variables included type of school and the location of schools in the city’s health districts. The Rao-Scott test and multilevel logistic regression were performed. The prevalence of malocclusion was 40.1%. In the final model, significantly higher rates of malocclusion were found among those who attended schools located in less affluent health districts and whose mothers had fewer years of education. Rates were also higher among those presenting calculus and/or gingival bleeding. Malocclusion demonstrated a high prevalence rate and the inequalities in its distribution were determined by individual and contextual factors.